Vertical Integration for American Economic Review- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theVertical Integration for American Economic Review. Answer: Presentation: Vertical combination is a deliberately inferred process, which is generally embraced by a business associations or organizations for extending their tasks. This normally infers the organization or association includes attempts to possess the different procedure itself without depending on the merchants for the activity. This report examines about the vertical incorporation forms in the Indian chief group (IPL). The sort of vertical reconciliation utilized in IPL is likewise examined in the report. Conversation: The instances of a vertical reconciliation procedure are the point at which an assembling organization or business association needs to secure their providers and merchants and wan to extend the business. This lessens the time required to transport the items to the outer merchants and an opportunity to dispatch the crude materials from providers. This additionally decreases the expense for activity in the organization in question. Upward vertical reconciliation: The upward vertical reconciliation is finished by an organization who needs to purchase their providers (Lee 2013). This decreases the time required for contracting and time for transportation of the crude materials. On account of IPL, the franchisers are the providers here. The businesspersons are liable for purchasing their expected group through an offering procedure. The procedure included assigning an uncommon aggregate for purchasing the players for a group. In its day of starting, Mumbai was the most elevated netted franchisee claimed. Descending Vertical incorporation: This kind of incorporation is applied when the organization included needs to purchase the merchants or their item providers to limit the cost associated with contracting with them and the time required for transportation (Chang and Iseppi 2012). In the event of IPL, the merchant is the supporter who should sell media rights. On the times of opening, IPL showcased with Sony Entertainment TV for promoting which made an arrangement of 15million$. This helped the IPL to develop and get the fans everywhere throughout the nation. End: Therefore, the report infers that the vertical reconciliation process done in IPL assisted with getting the necessary advancement just as the expected brand esteem that it speaks to in the cutting edge days. Referencing: Chang, T.F.M. furthermore, Iseppi, L., 2012. EU agro-evolved way of life and vertical mix probability: a technique for diversification?.Transition Studies Review,19(1), pp.107-130. Lee, R.S., 2013. Vertical reconciliation and selectiveness in stage and two-sided markets.The American Economic Review,103(7), pp.2960-3000.

Anxiety and Depression Among Working and Non-Working Women

Uneasiness and Depression Among Working and Non-Working Women Conversation Results in the past section had been enlightening and will be examined in setting to speculation talked about in part 4. The current examination was completed to survey the degree of nervousness and sadness among working and non working ladies. An example of 60 ladies was taken comprising of 30 working and 30 non-working ladies from Delhi and NCR locale. The free factors utilized for the investigation were working and non working ladies and the needy factors examined were tension and wretchedness. The outcomes acquired in part 4 were broke down and the conversation identified with the theory is introduced underneath. What's more, the tension and discouragement was looked at in the accompanying gatherings. Levels of tension and sadness were analyzed among working and non working ladies in uneasiness and wretchedness. Levels of tension and sadness were analyzed among working and non working ladies based on atomic and joint family. Levels of tension and sadness were analyzed among working and non working ladies having a place with the age bunch 25-35 and 36-50. Connection among's tension and discouragement was additionally determined and deciphered. Keeping in see the targets, four speculations were planned and their conversation and understanding is as per the following. Issue 1: There will be critical contrast between uneasiness levels of working and non working ladies A correlation was made between the working and non working ladies based on their tension levels. As it very well may be seen from the examination of table 4.2(chapter 4), the tension degrees of working ladies is higher than the non working ladies. The mean an incentive for the working ladies was 25.00 while for non working ladies the worth was 20.23. From a similar table it was surmised that there was no measurably critical contrast in the nervousness levels of working and non working ladies. Numerous examinations have been done applicable to this exploration. An exploration done by Aleem and Danish (2008) on Marital fulfillment and Anxiety among single and double vocation ladies at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi summed up that weight and bothers of occupations influence conjugal life as well as end up being a significant wellspring of nervousness especially among ladies and furthermore conjugal fulfillment among working ladies barely get upset because of their different jobs however the perspectives appeared to be upset that is showed in the higher tension among ladies. This examination underpins the discoveries which show higher mean qualities in working ladies than non working ladies. Mukhopadhyay et al (1993) investigated on Working status and tension degrees of urban instructed ladies in Calcutta and summed up that non working moms demonstrated higher nervousness levels than their working partners as for the all out uneasiness score just as segments, despite the fac t that the distinctions were factually non-noteworthy. This investigation bolsters the measurably immaterial distinction in the aftereffects of the current research. Issue 2: There will be noteworthy contrasts between the degrees of sadness in working and non working ladies. A correlation was made between the working and non working ladies based on their degrees of despondency. As it very well may be seen from the investigation of table 4.2(chapter 4), the downturn levels of working ladies are higher than that of non working ladies. The mean estimation of misery levels of working ladies is 11.13 while the mean estimation of the non working ladies which is 6.1000 indicating contrast in the downturn levels of the two gatherings. From the table it is surmised that there is measurably noteworthy contrast between the two gatherings (sig 2 tailed=0.034). Numerous specialists have worked in this field, one such research done by Weiclaw et al(2008) Psychosocial working conditions and the danger of despondency and tension issue in the Danish workforce show high dangers of misery identified with high enthusiastic requests and working with individuals. Aftereffects of another examination done by Netterstom et al (2008) The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression demonstrated moderate proof for a connection between advancement of melancholy and the mental requests of the activity. One more research done by Melchior et al (2007) contemplated despondency and tension in youthful, working ladies and men because of work pressure. The outcomes indicated that members presented to high mental occupation requests (exorbitant remaining burden, outrageous time pressures) had a twofold danger of significant discouragement or summed up nervousness issue contrasted with those with low employment requests. The examination expressed that in already solid youthful laborers, diagnosable misery and tension is accelerated by work pressure. Another exploration pertinent to the current research was finished by Balaji et al (2014). A Comparative Study on Depression among Working and Non-Working Women in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. This investigation was done to survey the weight of despondency its hazard factors among grown-up female working and non working populace. The outcomes demonstrated that working ladies experience the ill effects of sadness than non-working ladies. The hazard factors for wretchedness were recognized as financial issues work environment issues, relationship issues and no close to home life fulfillment. The above examinations bolster the outcomes in the current research. The purposes behind more elevated levels of discouragement among working ladies could be because of the explanation that working ladies need to concentrate on their work circle as well as on their family life. It has likewise been seen that working ladies are not satisfactory about their desires which influence their day by day standard as well as wellbeing status of every single lady particularly in the creating countries like India stays problematic. Likewise since working ladies can't invest energy with their family and not ready to offer time to their kids because of their work it prompts wretchedness in them. Furthermore, working ladies likewise need more time to care for themselves prompting a great deal of medical problems. These reasons are likewise upheld by an exploration done by Greenhaus Beutell (2000) Sources of Conflict among Work and Family Roles. This investigation analyzed the writing on the contention among work and family jobs and discovered that work-family struggle exists when: (a) period gave to the prerequisites of one job makes it hard to satisfy necessities of another; (b) strain from cooperation in one job makes it hard to satisfy prerequisites of another; and (c) explicit practices required by one job make it hard to satisfy the prerequisites of another. While non working ladies have more opportunity to go through with their family, they can focus on their wellbeing, family life and possess a great deal of energy for themselves. These may be a portion of the reasons why working ladies rate more elevated levels of gloom than non working ladies. Issue 3: There will be more elevated levels of nervousness and sadness in females having a place with family units than those remaining in joint families. An examination was done based on nervousness and discouragement levels among working ladies of atomic and joint families. As can be construed from table 4.4(chapter 4) the tension degrees of working ladies from family units is higher than those from joint families. The mean scores of working ladies from family units is 39.1667 which is higher than working ladies from joint families which is 15.5556. There is a measurably noteworthy distinction between the two gatherings as can be seen from the estimation of sig. (2 followed) =.000 It was likewise induced from a similar table that the downturn levels of working ladies having a place with family units was higher than those working ladies having a place with joint families. The mean scores of working ladies from family units is 18.33 which is higher than those of joint families which is 6.33.There is additionally a measurably huge contrast between the two gatherings as observed from the estimation of sig. (2 followed) = .003 At that point another examination was done based on uneasiness and sorrow levels among non working ladies of atomic and joint families. As can be deduced from table 4.5(chapter4) the nervousness levels of non working ladies from family units was higher than that of non working having a place with joint families. The mean scores of non working ladies of family units have a mean score of 28.5358 which is higher than the mean score of non working ladies of joint families which is 13.8824. There is likewise a factually huge contrast between the two gatherings as observed by the estimation of sig. (2 followed) = .002. It was additionally derived from a similar table that the downturn levels of non working ladies having a place with family units was higher the non working ladies having a place with joint families. The mean scores of non working ladies of atomic have a mean score of 8.2308 which is higher than that of non working ladies of joint families which is 4.4706. There is likewise a factually critical distinction between the two gatherings as observed by the estimation of sig. (2 followed) = .047. So from tables 4.4 and 4.5 (part 4) it is deduced that ladies having a place with family units report more elevated levels of both uneasiness and gloom than those having a place with joint families be it working ladies or non working. Numerous examinations have been done on this and one such research was finished by Doby Caplan (1995). Hierarchical Stress as Threat to Reputation: Effects on Anxiety at Work and at Home. The consequences of this investigation demonstrated that high danger stressors were well on the way to produce the uneasiness experienced at home and for this the nervousness experienced at work was the key go between. As the above investigation underpins our finding in the current research a portion of the purposes behind this finding could be as in a joint family the greater part of the obligations are dealt with by the other relatives. There isn’t a great deal of weight alone on one lady of the family. The relatives of a joint

How to Write a Good Persuasive Essay - Powerful Ways to Present Your Points

How to Write a Good Persuasive Essay - Powerful Ways to Present Your PointsIf you're interested in learning how to write a good persuasive essay, you've come to the right place. You're not alone, many college students struggle with this particular course, but don't let that stop you from trying to write an excellent argument in your own words. Even if you have never done it before, you can easily learn how to write a good persuasive essay. You just need to know what to write about and how to frame your ideas so they make sense to your reader.There are several different styles of writing and getting your point across. For example, you can go in-depth or you can get right to the point. Either way is fine as long as you know how to present yourself and your points effectively.If you've ever taken a course in high school, chances are you got in some sort of theory class. Since writing essays doesn't work in this situation, you can look for a good guide that teaches you how to write a goo d essay that doesn't break the law. Fortunately, there are many of these available on the Internet, including books and eBooks that do just that. You'll be well-prepared to write an argumentative essay from the get-go, knowing what to write about and how to make the best case possible.Of course, if you've never written an essay before, you might be intimidated at first. With that said, remember that the more prepared you are, the easier the task will be. In addition, if you're comfortable writing a persuasive essay, you'll have a much better chance of writing one that interests your reader.You'll find that the most effective way to learn how to write a persuasive essay is to enroll in an online course. Writing an essay is an art form that's not simply a matter of compiling information. You'll learn how to write a persuasive essay, but you'll also learn how to use your knowledge to get your point across.You'll be able to create a persuasive essay based on all of the information that you gather. The more you know, the more you'll be able to use that knowledge to present yourself and your argument so that your reader can see why you think the way you do. And if you use information in your persuasive essay that they don't know, you'll be surprised at how well it works. If you can present your ideas in an interesting way, they'll want to learn more.You'll be able to learn how to write a persuasive essay based on your own knowledge. Maybe you're a writer who wants to get out a good argument on a certain topic. Or maybe you're a computer whiz who wants to show that you know how to create a program that can do something that no one else can. Either way, you can learn how to get your point across.Finally, you can learn how to write a persuasive essay based on your knowledge of the person you're writing for. This is especially important when you're writing to someone who has a different level of education. Because they don't know much about this topic, they won't unders tand your arguments or what you're trying to do. So, if you're writing to someone who does know something about the subject, don't be afraid to delve a little bit deeper into the subject, knowing that the more you write, the more you'll learn.

Royal Ideology in Ancient Israel Essay - 1054 Words

The ongoing threat of invasion from the Philistines to some extent brought about the conditions for a monarchy within Israel. A line of charismatic Judges protected Israel before the adoption of the kingship. Thus it is evident that the change from a patriarchal, loosely-knit tribal rule to a centralised government with a monarch required much self understanding, a strong stance against anti-monarchical views and tolerance of royal ideology, which had in part to be appropriated from neighbouring monarchies. Saul bridged that chasm well as he was chosen by Yahweh primarily as a defender of his nation against continual threat from invasion. Nevertheless the introduction of the monarchy did not occur without criticism despite the subtle†¦show more content†¦Equally disseminating propaganda of the wisdom (1 Kings 4:29~) and hence justness of the king was done through symbols and building projects and to a lesser degree in literature. The centralisation of the government from Hebron to Jerusalem helped to cement the legitimacy of the kingship and guarantee order, security, prosperity, fertility etc... Central location, division into tax regions and territorial expansion were all seen as pluses of the new monarchic style. Some rulers, less capable in military manoeuvres, justified vast building projects to boast Israels growing power and prosperity. Perhaps the establishment of an Official State Religion was the most crucial reinforcement and legitimisation of the monarchy. David made a clever move in bringing a High Priest from Judah and also one from Israel. Establishing Jerusalem as not just the House of David but also Zion, the House of God (in the Arch of the Covenant), defined the characteristics of a monarchic state-the professional priesthood and temples walking hand in hand with the professional armies and palaces. The fact that the monarch in Jerusalem was portrayed as Axis Mundi, the bridge between the sacred and the profane, may have added to the criticism from the prophets who deemed they were the pontifus maximus between this world and the next. Many of the Davidic kings were also priests, and this ideology could beShow MoreRelatedRoyal Ideology in Ancient Israel2052 Words   |  9 PagesRoyal Ideology in Ancient Israel One of the main themes present in the rise of monarchy in Ancient Israel has to be the concept of royal ideology. Royal Ideology is the practice of believing that the king is considered to be at the same level of power as Yahweh, and vice versa. Throughout our studies of Ancient Israel there are many pieces of evidence to support this idea, and it had a great influence on the monarchal structure that developed throughout the time. Dealing with this subject matterRead MoreRedemption And Utopia1367 Words   |  6 Pagesand fragmented ideas. One cannot ignore, however, that this enormous variety and religious pluralism substantially fertilized Jewish soil in the post-exile, and showed new theological directions that would be made by the emerging Jewish leaders in Israel. At the height of this theological ferment, which occurred from the advent of macabaicas fights on (167 BC), some messianic ideals began to crystallize under the leadership of the Hasidim, Pharisees and other wise. But it was only in the first centuryRead MoreReview ?S2498 Words   |  10 Pages  Leviticus  and  Numbers, and the history of the  books of Chronicles; most of scholars followed all the way back or most of it to the  Babylonian exile, and put it with people rewording of both the Tetrateuch and  Jeremiah. The principles of  Deuteronomy  are that Israel must follow the Law, and gain God’s blessing or ignore it, get cursed, and be forced out of their homeland by Israel’s enemies.   4. In the book of Joshua, how is Joshua presented as the successor of Moses? Compare Deuteronomy 27 with Joshua 8.30-35Read MoreBeyond Analysis Of The Book Beyond The River Chebar Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesevidences in Ezekiel’s ministry. The word â€Å"malak† has been used to refer to Yahweh once (Ezek. 20:33). However, the context does not provide any element that has to do with the enthronement of Yahweh. In second chapter, the author deals with the royal ideology in Ezekiel. Block briefly talks about the history of Israel’s monarchy and future aspect of the monarchy, in order to interpret the issue of the prince and the king referring to David. In Ezekiel 34:23-24, the focus has changed to the appointmentRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For A Monument As A Leader?5607 Words   |  23 Pagesstudying inscriptions on steles from the ancient Near East and their relationships with their audiences. These monuments have all been constructed to communicate messages through both their content and form, particularly in their imagery. Some would describe these steles as ‘propaganda,’ which has many negative connotations. However, monumental inscriptions are much more complex than that. Propaganda is a control mechanism leaders use to spread ideologies and benefit themselves. Though some monumentalRead MorePolitical Tensions Between The Islamic 30 Years War1637 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the different dimensions of the geo-political tensions between the Islamic republic of Iran and Sunni Saudi Arabia- a rivalry that has some sectarian elements to it, western security experts often resort to use of such terms like à ¢â‚¬Å"Islam’s ancient blood feud† and the â€Å"Islamic 30 years’ war†. Useful though those terms may be and understandable as they are when the Middle East is viewed with a western lense, they fail to accurately capture the ground reality. The shiat ali, or party of Ali splitRead MoreThe Imago and Imitatio Dei Essay1978 Words   |  8 Pagesis that the original man somehow reflected God. The context does not concern itself with defining the nature of the image, but rather describes the natural role of the image, that is primacy over the earth. Middleton identifies four possible Ancient Near Eastern parallels to the image of God in man: 1) In the Gilgamesh Epic Enkidu is described as an image of Gilgamesh the king; 2) two poetic references in Egyptian literature describing the creation of man as the images of a god; 3) the practiceRead MoreAncient Eastern Thought and the Old Testament Essay10692 Words   |  43 PagesLIBERTY UNIVERSITY THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS JOHN, N. OSWALT A SUMMARY PAPER OF THE TEXT ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN THOUGHT AND THE OLD TESTAMENT SUBMITTED TO DR. RANDY G. HANEY DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY BY 03 MARCH 2013 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: HISTORY AND METHODS 3 CHAPTER 2: COMPARATIVE STUDIES, SCHOLARSHIP, AND THEOLOGY 6 CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 10 CHAPTER 4: THE GODS 14 CHAPTER 5: TEMPLES AND RITUALS 19 CHAPTER 6: STATE AND FAMILYRead MoreThe Fascinating Figure Of King David3897 Words   |  16 Pagesfaith-circles, recognizes the Biblical David as a perfect individual, a pious, young shepherd boy who had a heart that was after God’s own heart (1 Samuel 13:14; 16 NIV) and through humility and perseverance of trusting God, was honored to be the King of Israel with a lasting legacy. With that kind of impression of David, there were many scholars who decided to look at him with a lens of speculation and scrutiny, typically positioning themselves in the place of his enemies. Most scholarship have been tryingRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesbook to fruition. This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 1. Charisma, Routinization, and Rastafari 2. Dread Uprising: The Emergence of Rastafari 3. Babylon and Dread Revitalization 4. The Ethos of Rastafari: Structure, Ideology, and Ritual 5. â€Å"Coming in from the Cold†: Rastafari and the Wider Society 6. Rastafari Rules: Bearers of Jamaican Popular Culture 7. Summary and Conclusions Appendix: A Review of the Literature on Rastafari Notes Selected Bibliography Index

A Research On Common Commercial Products - 1331 Words

Today many common commercial products contain some sort of engineered nanoparticles. â€Å"Examples include cosmetics, sunscreens, clothes, solar cells, sporting good[s], paints, and electronics† (Kosal 8). Although major developments have only occurred in the last decade, the US military began conducting nanotechnology research in the early 1980s. It was not until the mid-1990s, after the Department of Defense (DoD) identified nanotechnology as one of the six ‘Strategic Research Areas’ of Interest, that major investments in the research and development in nanotechnology began. Nanotechnology research seeks to advance both offensive and defensive military objectives (Lele 234). In January of 2000, President Bill Clinton â€Å"unveiled the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) where he called for an initiative with funding levels around 500 million dollars† (Tate 23). â€Å"All branches of the U.S. military currently conduct nanotechnology research , including the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Office of Naval Research (ONR), Army Research Office (ARO), and Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)† (Tate 20). By the conclusion of this paper, the reader will have a basic understanding of nanotechnology and its applicability in military affairs. Additionally, the reader will understand the hazards of nanotechnology in order to determine if the military should continue to focus on nanotechnology. â€Å"Nanotechnology broadly encompasses the design, creation,Show MoreRelatedWhat ´s Vertical Integration712 Words   |  3 Pages When searching for research to analyze and write about, I leaned more towards marketing and sales, which I want to ultimately work in. When I came across this article â€Å"Moving close to the customers: effects of vertical integration in the Swedish commercial printing industry†, I was interested in what vertical integration was and what it meant. I also was caught by the fact this was published using Swedish commercial printing. In this day and age, our country is becoming more and more globalizedRead MoreInfluence Of Cultural Values On Advertising Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pages Influence of Cultural Values in Advertising Name: Institution: Introduction Commercial products of multinational companies are being marketed to people from different cultures owing to an increased growth in the world economy (Lin, 2012). Samli (1995) states that in most cases, consumer attitudes are largely driven by the framework of their culture. Mooji points out that global marketing strategies are not culture-free and should not be because its influence on consumer behavior isRead MoreDoes the Media Use Subliminal Advertising as a Tool for Mind Control?1775 Words   |  7 Pagesthe consumer is exposed to product or brand advertising such as pictures or songs related to the product without the consumer being consciously aware of it. This may include ads during the airing of different sports matches or that one catchy commercial song that gets embedded into our minds. The consumer is then expected to decode the information subconsciously without ever realising the source of the information. This influences the consumer’s behaviour. This research e ssay will mainly focus onRead MoreMedia Portrayal Of Women And Minorities At The University Of Oregon876 Words   |  4 Pagesstudies how the media portrays veganism and animal production at the University of Georgia, Debra also teaches and does research on the media portrayal of women and minorities at the University of Oregon . It is challenging that gender has been used construct characters. The authors portray different stereotypes in commercials or advertisements in general which are fast- food products and they urge how this stereotypes are presented .Furthermore they point out this characters which are objectificationRead MoreChalk Out of Seashells1432 Words   |  6 Pagesa useful product that will be used  in our developing  community. The production is based on the following  procedures. First, collect seashells from the seashore. Then, boil it until it opens and  being crush into powder and becomes ready to be processed and make to different figures. Thus, the production of the product was accomplish and tested on its quality and strength. Data on the successful product were tested and was finished accurately. Results showed that the said finished product, made fromRead MoreBranding, Advertising, And Marketing Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesIt is interesting to see how branding, advertising, and marketing, that are in place to achieve specific commercial goals, completely rely upon the complex elements of human psychology, as well as on how cultural norms and values influence the individual. This has in fact been an integral concern of marketing historically; the mere presenting of a product or service is ineffective unless some reflection of its deeper value or meaning to the potential consumer is reinforced. In the mid-20th centuryRead MoreAdvertising Strategies For The Highest Product Sales1182 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Advertising strategies that lead to the highest product sales are the ones that utilize effective branding and represent products honestly and clearly, capture the viewers’ attention, and remain in viewers’ memories. Advertisers spend millions of dollars creating effective television ads and commercials so consumers will purchase their products. Television advertising, the most powerful form of advertising, enables both audio and video advertising messages. Unlike other means of advertisementsRead MorePortrayal Of A Woman s Independence1400 Words   |  6 Pagesportrayed in TV commercials when they target male and female dominant audiences based on a woman’s independence. I hypothesized that more commercials will portray woman as independent when targeting female audiences than when targeting male audiences. Fifty commercials were recorded from two different networks: Bravo Network, to analyze the commercials directed towards a females dominant audience, and ESPN, to analyze the commercials directed towards a male dominant audience. Each commercial was codedRead MorePersuasive Essay About Pet Food1632 Words   |  7 Pagesdeterioration of our pets. Further research is now starting to sho w the different negative impacts of commercial pet food to our animals’ health like diabetes arthritis, allergies, and even stomach cancer. Furthermore, veterinarians and pet owners are being fooled by the commercial food industry due to the FDA’s leniency towards dog food. The pet food industry is not regulated enough and it is causing a negative impact on our pets’ health. The FDA’s leniency is leading to commercial pet food containing theRead More Alcohol Television Commercials are Misleading Viewers Essay702 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol Television Commercials are Misleading Viewers At any given time a person can turn on their television and find a commercial of some sort. Their main purpose is for them to throw information about their product to anyone who will listen. It is also common for this form of advertisement to be promoting an alcoholic beverage. Whether it’s a catchy song with the chorus chanting â€Å"This Bud’s for you!† or three frogs belching â€Å"Bud-Wei-Ser!†, viewers learn the slogans and use them

Designing An E Commerce Website For A New Start Up

Introduction and Background: The project proposal is to design and develop an e-commerce website for a new start up company. Through this e-commerce portal the company wants to sell different category of products like electronics, clothing, foot wear, home furnishing etc. The new start up company is already having a store at Mumbai, India. But, the business owner want reach more customer. So the business owner understands the competitive market and he wants to apply new business trends to stay competitive in today s modern world. As per the scenario in future it seems like the business owner might close his physical store and do the business only through online. Problem Statement: 1. Physical shop rent is increasing year on†¦show more content†¦Dealing with a database of clients and a database of items for the shop proprietors through an advantageously composed Graphical User Interface which will use an easy to use natural configuration approach. Online shopping center will be an electronic quick track shopping application outlined in the structure of an e-trade site which is very attractive, interesting and easy to buy and sell products. The framework will be intended to be utilized by shop clients with practically zero involvement in utilizing electronic frameworks and shop proprietors will be prepared to utilize those products as well. To help clients, documentation will be given as a client manuals which will contain an itemized portrayal of all framework capacities. Statement of Scope: Online Shopping center will be an e-commerce website and will also be an e-business programming framework which will be intended to robotize a shop deals. The primary capacity of the product will be to help both clients and the store proprietors through increase in large number of / variety of different kind of products. The framework will be hence intended to permit a client to perform the accompanying capacities: †¢ sign on either as a client or a store proprietor †¢ peruse through the database of accessible items †¢ register †¢

An American Tail Movie project Essay Example For Students

An American Tail Movie project Essay An American Tail (1986) Director: Don Bluth Performers: Fievel Mousekewitz (Voice of Philip Glasser) Papa Mousekewitz (Voice of Nehemia Persoff) Mama Mouskewitz (Voice of Erica Yohn) Tanya Mousekewitz (Voice of Amy Green) Bridget (Voice of Cathianne Blore) Digit (Voice of Will Ryan) Gussie Mouseheimer (Voice of Madeline Kahn) Henri the Pigeon (Voice of Christopher Plummer) Honest John (Voice of Neil Ross) Irish mouse on boat (Voice of Warren Hayes) Italian mouse on boat (Voice of John Guarnieri) Moe (Voice of Hal Smith) Tiger (Voice of Dom DeLuise) Tony Toponi (Voice of Pat Musick) Warren T. Rat (Voice of John Finnegan) Summary Fievel Mousekewitz and his family (who are mice), who are from Russia run away from their homeland in the late 1800s, and board a boat headed for America to escape the Czarist rule of the Russian cats. Fievel, however, is separated from his family upon his arrival in New York Harbor. While hes searching for his family throughout NYC, he discovers that there are cats in America too (his father said there werent). Fievel meets a variety of friendly and hostile mice, and learns the ins and outs of NYC and how to survive as an immigrant. Eventually he makes friends with a cat named Tiger and together, along with others, Fievel finds his family and lives happily ever after. This is an immigration movie geared towards kids to show and teach them about immigration to America. It shows them the reasons they (the Mousekewitz) left their homeland Russia to come to America. In their case it was to escape the Czarist rule of the cats, parallel to most immigrants who escaped their land due to religious and political persecution. Once aboard the ship to America, it showed the long and unpleasant trip to New York Harbor, where in this movie, Fievel gets separated from his family to inclimate weather. Once they arrive in New York Harbor, it shows children the happiness immigrants got when they saw the statue of liberty and the process through Ellis Island to become a citizen of America. The rest of the movie takes place in America where it shows political machines, such as Warren T. Rat, who really is a cat but takes advantage of new immigrants by dressing as a mouse and receiving the mices trust. With trust came their money and broken promises, just as political machines really did back then. The movie shows the immigrants hardships and poor living conditions in America with tenement housing and unsanitary conditions. This is a typical coming to America immigration movie, showing with good detail the entire immigration experience to and within America, both good and bad. Within this movie the Mousekewitz function as two types of immigrants: The Dream Seeker: Papa Mousekewitz repeatedly talks about how great America is; that there are no cats in America and the streets are paved with cheese! (I know that you are singing right now Professor Hymes). They are the typical immigrants who believe that America is great and that there is no wrong there. They seek the American dream of having religious freedom and to seek great jobs to make more money. They believe in the American way of life and want to become it. The Societal Victim:Within the movie, Fievel become a victim of Warren T. Rat while in search of his family. He gets taken advantage of due to his trusting outlook, not knowing that he shouldnt trust everybody. In the end, due to his trust in others, Fievel is able to solve the problem in America (in his area mostly) by getting rid of the cats. Though he was a victim he was able to solve an American problem. .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 , .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .postImageUrl , .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 , .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1:hover , .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1:visited , .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1:active { border:0!important; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1:active , .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1 .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b6b03c4b0f35bab4ea2c21c2e71f3b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ishmael EssayThis is a great movie to describe immigration. It uses a childish standard of furry animal characters to tell an underlying mature story of immigration. At this level, anybody can understand what immigration was about. It is able to show every aspect that an immigrant went through to get to America and also why they came here to America. Once their arrival, it showed the Ellis Island experience along with the hardships and problems America faced. Within the movie was a little story of Fievel getting separated from his family, but .

School of Arts and Humanities POLS210 American Gov Essays

School of Arts and Humanities POLS210 American Government I 3 Credit Hours 8 Weeks Prerequisite(s): None Table of Contents Instructor Information Evaluation Procedures Course Description Grading Scale Course Scope Course Outline Course Objectives Policies Course Delivery Method Academic Services Course Resources Selected Bibliography Course Description (Catalog) POLS210 American Government I (3 hours) This is the first course in a two-course sequence in American Government. The course is designed to convey basic facts about the structure and functioning of the American political system. The philosophical foundation of the U.S. Constitution is explored and the federalist construct is examined. The functions of the three separate branches of government and their roles in policy making are a major focus. Course Objectives After successfully completing this course, you will be able to : CO-1 Explain the philosophical basis and functioning of the American republic. CO-2 Describe the historical foundations of the American government. CO-3 Explain the evolution of the U. S. Constitution. CO-4 Describe the types of political participation in a democratic system. CO-5 Explain the power and roles of the three branches of government. CO-6 Define the purpose and functions of the federal bureaucracy. CO-7 Explain the policy-making process in the federal system. CO-8 Identify the influences on political beliefs and behavior. Course Delivery Method This course delivered via distance learning will enable students to complete academic work in a flexible manner, completely online. Course materials and access to an online learning management system will be made available to each student. Assigned faculty will support the students throughout this eight-week course. Course Resources Lesson Notes The e-textbook in this course is entitled American Government by Krut z and Waskiewicz at https://d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/AmericanGovernment-LR.pdf Web r esources and a ssigned r eadings Students also must have a computer with access to the internet, per AP US guidelines, with Microsoft Office installed. If for some reason you do not have Office, please download Openoffice.org 's productivity suite, which is compatible with it. Please visit http://apus.libguides.com/er.php and search by the course number to access your required resources. Evaluation Procedures Grades for this course will be based upon three grading instruments; forums (8), quizzes, formal essays ( 3 ) , and a final presentation . There are eight weekly discussion questions that are provided in the f orums . A rubric explaining grading criteria is included in each weekly forum. The essays will cover functions of government in addressing public issues. The final presentation will be a PowerPoint presentation combining what was learned in the essays. R ubrics are included in the course. The grade scale for each of the evaluation tools is provided below: Grade Instruments: % of Final Grade Forum Topics 5 0% Weekly Quizzes 10% Week 3 Essay 1 0% Week 5 Essay 1 0% Final Presentation (Week 7 ) 2 0% 100% Forums The f orum s are the primary means of class . Each f orum requires that the student post one original response to a forum question. See the forum rubric for evaluation standards . The forums are set up so students must post their responses before being able to read what other students have researched and submitted. Each week there is a choice of two forum questions. A response is only required to one of them, but replies to other students should address responses in both questions. Please be sure that you have completed and proofread your work before posting it. You will not be able to delete or edit your work once you've submitted it, similar to the way exams and papers will not be returned for corrections after they have been submitted. Note: Satisfactorily m eeting forum minimum requirements will result in a grade of a C or higher (A, B, or C). It is not a guarantee that an A will be earned. Quizzes Each week has a ten-question quiz due . Questions are multiple choice and answers are taken from the readings in the lesson readings or the required textbook readings. All quizzes have a 30-minute time limit to complete them. Please study ahead of time because there will not be enough time to look up the answers to all ten questions during the quiz. Class Project Assignments Three short essays

HOW TO START A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

HOW TO START A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY Descriptive essay is a type of essay that is commonly requested by many educational institutions. Its main goal is to present a description from your own perspective or your own point of view. To make descriptive essay more memorable, your main priority will be presenting the topic or described object in a unique and personal way. Yes, it is necessary to make some research and read other descriptive essay writings in order to have wider ‘picture’, understanding the way descriptive essay can be written or presented. There are many options of how to start a   descriptive essay today. Make sure to focus on additional information and find facts about the topic or the object that interest you most.   Ã‚   Descriptive essay follows basic five-paragraph structure and has introduction, main body and conclusion. It is wise to include in your descriptive essay description of interesting place, memorable experience, or certain special attitude or perspective. Keep in mind that you can always rely on our company to assist you to write your perfect descriptive essay. All our descriptive essays are delivered on time. Ordering your descriptive essay with us is a prominent and sure way to invest your money in your educational success and prosperity. HOW TO START A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY Before you start writing a descriptive essay, these are the facts that you should keep in mind to make your descriptive essay look best. Descriptive essay involves making a strong accent on your personal observation. Yet, how to start a descriptive essay? The description that you provide as an author must strictly focus on the subject. The description subjects are one person, certain event or experience, particular and unique place of attendance, past memory, etc. Start with identifying a personal perception of the perceived experiences. The best way is to describe something you have personally observed, experienced or perceived. Imagine as if you have something that you are eager to tell about to your readers. If you succeed, the readers may believe that they experienced that on their own. A standard descriptive essay is unwrapped around senses like sight, smell, sound, texture, touch, taste. Focus on providing more vivid detailed description. Conclude with relating to main idea of the writing. Be inspiring and create a sparkle of light in the readers’ heart.

Should pledge of allegiance be said in US schools Research Paper

Should pledge of allegiance be said in US schools - Research Paper Example In addition, all religious head wear or dresses should be removed. The pledge has often been recited in numerous private organizations, meetings and sometimes in schools. Debates have been carried out arguing about the later and whether or not the place should be compulsory for school pupils to recite. There have been several points made for and against this action. However, the author believes that the pledge should be recited in public schools as it is a historical reminder of what the United States of America is about. The pledge of allegiance helps build patriotism in the young generation in addition to giving them pride about their nationality (Lavcock, 155).America is a very prosperous state which many countries try to emulate and numerous individuals constantly change their citizenship to become American. Therefore, customs of the country should be kept as they keep the heritage of the country alive. If the pledge was to be abolished, the same procedure might occur for other c ustoms in the country which would mean that America would lose some of the traditions and values which it was built upon (Lavcock, 155). However, many people argue against this point as they believe that since the pledge has been altered many times, four to be exact, it no longer possesses its original meaning and value and some of alterations are not entirely patriotic and are concerned with giving grace to God. This religious aspect is very sensitive as the number of non-Christians or nonbelievers is constantly increasing. Therefore, the phrase one nation under God may not be suitable for some citizens as they do not carry this belief and forcing them to repeat these words would be a violation of Basic rights (Donavan, 12-13). In addition, the paper specifies on reciting the pledge in public schools which are mainly comprised of young individual. If these individuals see their rights being violated and are forced to do something which that customs and families not believe in, they are likely to lose faith in the system and doubt that they even have rights to begin with (Lavcock, 155). The argument against making the pledge of allegiance compulsory in public schools is also based on the fact that reciting a few lines or text does not resemble patriotism, one attribute that is mostly associated with the pledge (Monroe, 55). In fact, constant repeating of these lines can make them lose their value and meaning to these pupils, therefore having a reverse effect than their intended purpose. The pledge becomes just a bunch of lyrics coming out of the children’s mouths habitually (Monroe, 55). However, some people still believe many people died for this flag and they should be shown respect for their services to the great American nation. They also believe that the phrase under God should also be compulsory as despite what religion or belief one possesses whether he or she is a Muslim, Buddhist or Christian at the end of the day every individual is American a nd should unite on this basis (Donavan, 12-13). However on the same point, other individuals believe that forcing people to say the pledge is not paying tribute to war heroes and other individuals tied for the country. This is based on the fact that these individuals fought and died for the country to become a free and sovereign state with equal rights and not to become a compulsory and authoritative dictatorship

The Importance of Health Insurance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Importance of Health Insurance - Assignment Example It is easy to apply as reimbursement provider.Conclusion. By implementing the required processing steps, the provider applicant can easily seek approval as the official medical nutrition therapy service provider. Proper coding helps ensure all medical nutrition therapy billings are reimbursed. Many health insurance providers offer 100 percent medical nutrition therapy reimbursements to diabetes mellitus patients. Evidently, Medicare and several insurance companies offer reimbursement of medical nutrition therapy. Reimbursement is information to dietetics professionals because they are confident their services can be paid quicker. By implementing the reimbursement steps, insurance companies or organizations can easily reimburse the patients and registered dietitian service providers. Further, the project objectives include learning whether diabetes patients can avail of reimbursements for medical nutrition therapy sessions. Another objective is to learn the importance of coding in the immediate release of reimbursements. A third objective is to learn the importance of health insurance in reducing the rehabilitation expenses of the diabetes mellitus patients. Furthermore, the MNT reimbursement requires the proper coding and billing to ensure quicker reimbursement processes. Each Code 97803 equates to 15 minutes follow up MNT visit. Each Code 97804 equates to 30 minutes Group MNT visit. Telehealth Codes are used for real-time interactive and video communication activities. The ICD Codes annually updated diagnosis. Code 250.00 represents diabetes. Moreover, the diabetes mellitus medical condition occurs when the patient is diagnosed with a chronic lifetime ailment. The ailment indicates the patient loses the normal capacity to maximize energy found in swallowed food. There are different types of the ailment.  

Drugs Are Bad Essay Example for Free

Drugs Are Bad Essay It’s a common known fact that drugs are bad, but yet they are still used recreationally, especially among teenagers and young adults. Some of the most popular drugs used today are marijuana, ecstasy, tobacco, and alcohol. Marijuana has many nicknames. Weed, mary-jane, chronic, hash, etc. It is usually smoked, but can also be made with food or as tea. Scientists have learned a great deal about how THC acts in the brain to produce its many effects. When someone smokes marijuana, THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. THC acts upon specific sites in the brain, called cannabinoid receptors, kicking off a series of cellular reactions that ultimately lead to the high that users experience when they smoke marijuana. Some brain areas have many cannabinoid receptors; others have few or none. The highest density of cannabinoid receptors are found in parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thoughts, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement. Users experience slower reaction times, extensive hunger, poor memory, and lack of motivation. In personal experiences, weed has had no worth-while positive outcome on people that I know have used it, especially regularly. Known users have been arrested, expelled from school, suffered with their grades, or made poor decisions. People have told me that the feeling of being high actually does not feel good at all, and that it makes them depressed or that they are being pulled downward. Consistent use of marijuana can lead to addiction, lung cancer, anxiety, depression, and dependence. Ecstasy is a drug that has stimulant and psychodelic properties. It is taken orally as a capsule or tablet. It is also known as X and MDMA. Short-term effects of taking the drug include feelings of mental stimulation, emotional warmth, enhanced sensory perception, and increased physical energy. Adverse health effects can include nausea, chills, sweating, teeth clenching, muscle cramping, and blurred vision. It is a rumor that exercising, or doing any other activity that would cause the body to heat up such as sex, would cause the body to overheat while on ecstasy and thus would result in death. Personally, I have seen some crazy things while people were on ecstasy. I have heard that taking a shower feels really good, but coming down from a high of mass endorphins is especially painful. A girl I know was coming down from the high so fast and so hard that she was banging her head on the cement in the parking lot because she was feeling so terrible. She then destroyed her phone by throwing it against the wall. Alcohol, although legal over a certain age, is still considered a drug. When a person drinks alcohol, the alcohol is absorbed by the stomach, enters the bloodstream, and goes to all the tissues. The effects of alcohol are dependent on a variety of factors, including a persons size, weight, age, and sex, as well as the amount of food consumed before drinking. The disinhibiting effect of alcohol is one of the main reasons it is used in so many social situations. Other effects of moderate alcohol intake include dizziness and talkativeness; the immediate effects of a larger amount of alcohol include slurred speech, disturbed sleep, nausea, and vomiting. Alcohol, even at low doses, significantly impairs the judgment and coordination required to drive a car safely. Low to moderate doses of alcohol can also increase the incidence of a variety of aggressive acts, including domestic violence and child abuse. Hangovers are another possible effect after large amounts of alcohol are consumed; a hangover consists of headache, nausea, thirst, dizziness, and fatigue. Some long term effects of alcohol are liver failure, addiction to alcohol or alcoholism, damage to the brain, damage to the fetus of a pregnant woman, and depression. There are ways to prevent severe hangovers. There is a saying that goes, â€Å"Beer before liquor, never sicker. Liquor before beer, you’re in the clear. † A hangover is a result of dehydration because of the effects of alcohol on a person’s system. Tobacco is another legal substance that is considered a drug. Tobacco is typically smoked but can also be chewed and absorbed by way of the gums. When a person smokes a cigarette, the body responds immediately to the chemical nicotine in the smoke. Nicotine causes a short-term increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and the flow of blood from the heart. It also causes the arteries to narrow. Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry. This, combined with the effects produced by nicotine, creates an imbalance in the demand for oxygen by the cells and the amount of oxygen the blood is able to supply. This imbalance causes a tobacco high, and most of the times, light headedness. It is now well documented that smoking can cause chronic lung disease, heart disease, and stroke, as well as cancer of the lungs, larynx, esophagus, mouth, and bladder. In addition, smoking is known to contribute to cancer of the cervix, pancreas, and kidneys. Researchers have identified more than 40 chemicals in tobacco smoke that cause cancer in humans and animals, some including things like rat poison. Smokeless tobacco and cigars also have deadly consequences, including lung, larynx, esophagus, and oral cancer. The harmful effects of smoking do not end with the smoker. Women who use tobacco during pregnancy are more likely to have adverse birth outcomes, including babies with low birth weight, which is linked with an increased risk of infant death and with a variety of infant health disorders. The health of nonsmokers is affected by environmental tobacco smoke, or second-hand smoke. Each year, exposure to second-hand smoke causes many people to die of cancer. The temporary feeling that these drugs give the user does not outweigh the consequences that come with the choice to use these things. Although alcohol and tobacco are legal over a certain age, it doesn’t mean that they aren’t harmful. They still do a lot of damage to the user’s body. Marijuana and ecstasy are illegal in the United States and yet are still widely and popularly used. The word drug carries a negative connotation for these reasons.

Hamlet: A Sane Character Essay -- Hamlet Essays

The story Hamlet was composed by the playwright William Shakespeare, and is regarded as a timeless piece in both literature and theatre. Now, over four hundred years after Hamlet was written, society still continues to analyze its complex characterization (Reiss 769). In a Psychiatric Times article, twentieth century physician Alan Stone says, â€Å"Even today in our era of cultural diversity, Shakespeare remains the greatest figure of world literature, performed on every continent, surviving translation† (Allan 20). The protagonist Hamlet is a particularly multifaceted character. He is an intelligent being who appears to have been overcome by self-conflict due to the sudden murder of his father, the King of Denmark. The transgressions of the murderer, his uncle Claudius, drive Hamlet to a point of questionable sanity. It is Hamlet’s psyche which is a large topic of scholarly debate concerning the play. â€Å"Shakespeare’s understanding of the human condition mi raculously transcends his culture and place,† says Stone (Allan 20). Shakespeare had a particular interest in the human mind, mental conditions, and nosology. Upon evaluation of Hamlet’s sanity, it becomes apparent that these subjects are present in the play. The subject of Hamlet’s sanity is a vastly complex but not necessarily unexplainable topic. There is arguably evidence to support the protagonist’s sanity with: the seven soliloquies, the psychoanalysis of Hamlet’s character, and the utterance Hamlet makes in Act III. To begin, the seven soliloquies serve as a strong testament to Hamlet’s sanity because they convey his coherence like no other remarks made in the play. As the story digresses, there is an apparent shift in Hamlet’s demeanor. The rivaling question is, is Hamlet... ...Marian. "Hamlet’s seven soliloquies."  Philip Allan Literature Guide (for A-Level): Hamlet. Oxfordshire: Trans-Atlantic Publications, 2011. . Print. Crawford, Alexander W.  Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear. Boston R.G. Badger, 1916.  Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2009. . Reiss, Benjamin. "Bardolatry in Bedlam: Shakespeare, Psychiatry, and Cultural Authority in Nineteenth-Century America." ELH. Vol. 72. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP., 2005. 769-97. Print. No. 4. Shakespeare, William.  Hamlet. 1603. Reprint. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1992. Print. Stone, Alan A. "Shakespeare and Psychiatry: A Personal Meditation."  Psychiatric Times  30: 20-21.  ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source. Web. 5 May 2014.

Building Flexibility Into Contracts

The main rationale for building flexibility into an outsourcing contract is based on the premise that factors both internally and externally may change and thus impact the achievement of the desired objectives of the outsourcing. For example, the internal requirements of the sourcing organization may change during the outsourcing contract or another supplier in the supply market may achieve a technology breakthrough, which allows it to realize significant performance improvements.In the latter case, the establishment of a long-term contract with a competing supplier prevents the sourcing organization from accessing the superior capabilities of this supplier. Therefore, incorporating elements into a contract that create flexibility can ensure that the desired benefits are being achieved from outsourcing and in particular, ensure that the sourcing organization is not locked into a relationship with an uncompetitive supplier.Likewise, building flexibility into contracts aids organizatio ns in benefiting from the outsourcers’ cost improvements as they occurred, avoid lawsuits and save face in the future. Ways to Build Flexibility into Contracts McIvor (2005) related that flexibility can be achieved through either incomplete or incentive contracts. Incomplete contracting creates a situation in which parts of the contract can be renegotiated based upon changes in circumstances. It is mainly concerned with optimization over time, seeking to minimize the costs of adapting to the constantly changing conditions of the economic environment.There are a number of methods incorporating flexibility into a contract through incomplete contracting like price flexibility, renegotiation, contract length and early termination (Langfield-Smith, Smith and Stringer, 2000). Price flexibility allows prices to be renegotiated as circumstances change during the contract. Incorporating price flexibility means that all future contingencies do not have to be fully considered at the out set, as the buyer and supplier are aware that prices can be adjusted to reflect changes in circumstances.For example, changes in the requirements of the sourcing organization during the contract may necessitate an adjustment in prices. In renegotiation, mechanisms are incorporated into the contract that allow for renegotiation based upon changes in the business environment. The contract may include specific clauses under which renegotiation should occur including fixed calendar dates or changes in economic indices. Renegotiation often involves renegotiating more than price and can also focus on the terms of contract.The employment of shorter contracts can be employed to achieve flexibility. At the end of the contract period a new contract can be negotiated that reflects the current circumstances both internally and externally. Rather than have the five- to seven-year contracts of the last decade, contracts are now being broken into manageable timeframes which have short initial term s and options for extensions. Few organizations can predict their needs with any certainty over long lengths of time, thus it is prudent to have flexibility over the contract continuance.A clause may be incorporated into the contract that sets out the conditions under which the contract may be terminated. The omission of such a clause can result in considerable penalties in the event of the contract being terminated prematurely. Incentive contracting, on the other hand, involves incorporating mechanisms into the contract that allow the supplier to share any cost savings or profits generated through the outsourcing relationship (Dimitri, Piga and Spagnolo, 2006).Taking advantage of a contractor’s general objective to maximize profits by giving it the opportunity to earn a greater profit if it performs the contract efficiently lies at the core of incentive contracting. The essence of said contracting type is the effort by one individual or organization (the principal) to induce and reward certain behaviors by another (the agent). It has been the subject of considerable discussion in the economics literature, as incentive contracts are often employed to encourage performance improvements in the outsourcing arrangement in areas such as cost reduction and service levels (Bolton and Dewatripont, 2005).This type of contract stimulates the contractor to limit costs by leaving him a fraction of cost savings, but at the same time it reimburses him some money in case of cost overrun. The contract will include mechanisms that ensure the supplier shares any savings that are realized from performance improvements. Incentivization can create a more cooperative relationship between parties, overcoming the traditional adversarial approach to contracting.The purpose of the incentives is not just to motivate the contractor but to tie performance of all participants to the contract’s objectives. The proper use of an incentive contract aligns the priorities of contra ct participants who would otherwise have diverse motives. Potential Risks of Building in Too Much Flexibility Nowhere is the potential trade-off between control and flexibility more apparent than when it comes to designing the contract. As with anything that is too much, there are potential risks of building in too much flexibility into contracts.By having too much contract flexibility, short-term opportunistic behavior is more likely, which is why classical legal contracts remove flexibility by building in as much legally enforceable control as possible that protects both parties from such behavior. With respect to incomplete contracting, problems arise when any agreement is negotiated under conditions of incomplete or asymmetric information, risk and uncertainty. It has also been associated with certain organizational costs, as it needs to be revised or renegotiated as the future unfolds.John (2000) identifies three such types of costs: ex post costs of haggling over the terms of the revised contract upon renegotiation; those related to inefficient agreements caused by asymmetric information; and ex ante costs of not investing in relation-specific investments in fear of encountering ‘hold-up’ behavior upon contract renegotiation. Since it is impossible to write a complete contract that specifies what the agent is required to do in all contingencies, legal precedent is employed to determine obligations of the contracting parties that are not explicitly written into a contract.Familiar contractual forms have the advantage that there is a wealth of legal precedent concerning them. Thus, disputes are likely to be resolved speedily. More exotic contractual forms, for which there are few legal precedents, are more prone to costly and acrimonious legal disputes (Aghion and Bolton, 2002). Further, incomplete contracting discourages both relation-specific investments and value-enhancing agreements.When it comes to incentive contracting which operates on the theory of the carrot and the stick (there’s a financial carrot for a supplier for better than agreed-on quality, reliability, delivery or performance and a financial stick for worse than agreed-on levels of those parameters), the principle is attractive but the practice is another matter. Suppliers are reluctant to accept financial penalties, especially for reliability targets are not reached, and customers are reluctant to extend financial incentives to suppliers if agreed-on targets are not met.In incentive contracting, the risks' amount, probability, and impact are major factors influencing the design of the contract since the main purpose of this is transferring the risks. As well, there are several limitations to incentive contracting, as it depends on a purchaser with the ability to specify performance, the possibility of meaningful performance measures that can be identified, agreed upon and implemented, the existence of resources to oversee and monitor performance , and the practical ability to take action, including replacing the contractor, where performance is unsatisfactory.The front pages provide too-frequent illustration of the ways in which contract incentives designed by the best and most well-intentioned experts may yield unintended adverse consequences. Incentives can divert attention from other important goals, work too well on their own terms, or encourage distorted reporting. WORKS CITED 1. Aghion, P. & Bolton, P. (2002). On Partial Contracting. European Economic Review. 46, 745-753. 2. Bolton, P. & Dewatripont, M.(2005). Contract Theory. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3. Dimitri, N. , Piga, G. & Spagnolo, G. (2006). The Handbook of Procurement. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4. Langfield-Smith, K. , Smith, D. & Stringer, C. (2000). Managing the Outsourcing Relationship. Australia: University of South Wales Press, Ltd. 5. McIvor, R. (2005). The Outsourcing Process: Strategies for Evaluation and Manag ement. New York: Cambridge University

R.L. Stevensons Classic Essay An Apology for Idlers

Best known for his popular adventure stories (Treasure Island, Kidnapped, The Master of Ballantrae) and the study of evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson was also a noteworthy poet, short-story writer, and essayist. The Scots-born author spent much of his adult life traveling, searching for a healthful climate until he finally settled in Samoa in 1889. There he lived on his estate of Valima until his death at age 44. Stevenson was not yet a well-known writer in 1877 when he composed An Apology for Idlers (which, he said, was really a defense of R.L.S.), but his own days of idleness were about to come to an end. Just a year after he wrote in a letter to his mother, Hows that for busy? It does me good. It was well I wrote my Idlers when I did; for I am now the busiest gent in Christendom. After reading Stevensons essay, you may find it worthwhile to compare An Apology for Idlers with three other essays in our collection: In Praise of Idleness, by Bertrand Russell; Why Are Beggars Despised? by George Orwell; and On Laziness, by Christopher Morley. An Apology for Idlers by Robert Louis Stevenson BOSWELL: We grow weary when idle. JOHNSON: That is, sir, because others being busy, we want company; but if we were idle, there would be no growing weary; we should all entertain one another. 1 Just now, when every one is bound, under pain of a decree in absence convicting them of là ¨se-respectability, to enter on some lucrative profession, and labour therein with something not far short of enthusiasm, a cry from the opposite party, who are content when they have enough, and like to look on and enjoy in the meanwhile, savours a little of bravado and gasconade. And yet this should not be. Idleness so called, which does not consist in doing nothing, but in doing a great deal not recognized in the dogmatic formularies of the ruling class, has as good a right to state its position as industry itself. It is admitted that the presence of people who refuse to enter in the great handicap race for sixpenny pieces, is at once an insult and a disenchantment for those who do. A fine fellow (as we see so many) takes his determination, votes for sixpences, and in the emphatic Americanism, it goes for them. And while such an one is plowing distressfully up the road, it is not hard to understand his resentment, when he perceives cool persons in the meadows by the wayside, lying with a handkerchief over their ears and a glass at their elbow. Alexander is touched in a very delicate place by the disregard to Diogenes. Where was the glory of having taken Rome for these tumultuous barbarians, who poured into the Senate-house, and found the Fathers sitting silent and unmoved by their success? It is a sore thing to have labored along and scaled the arduous hilltops, and when all is done, find humanity indifferent to your achievement. Hence physicists condemn the unphysical; financiers have only a superficial toleration for those who know little of stocks; literary persons despise the unlettered, and people of all pursuits combine to disparage those who have none. 2 But though this is one difficulty of the subject, it is not the greatest. You could not be put in prison for speaking against industry, but you can be sent to Coventry for speaking like a fool. The greatest difficulty with most subjects is to do them well; therefore, please to remember this is an apology. It is certain that much may be judiciously argued in favor of diligence; only there is something to be said against it, and that is what, on the present occasion, I have to say. To state one argument is not necessarily to be deaf to all others, and that a man has written a book of travels in Montenegro, is no reason why he should never have been to Richmond. 3 It is surely beyond a doubt that people should be a good deal idle in youth. For though here and there a Lord Macaulay may escape from school honors with all his wits about him, most boys pay so dear for their medals that they never afterwards have a shot in their locker, and begin the world bankrupt. And the same holds true during all the time a lad is educating himself or suffering others to educate him. It must have been a very foolish old gentleman who addressed Johnson at Oxford in these words: Young man, ply your book diligently now, and acquire a stock of knowledge; for when years come upon you, you will find that poring upon books will be but an irksome task. The old gentleman seems to have been unaware that many other things besides reading grow irksome, and not a few become impossible, by the time a man has to use spectacles and cannot walk without a stick. Books are good enough in their own way, but they are a mighty bloodless substitute for life. It seems a pity to sit, like the Lady of Shalott, peering into a mirror, with your back turned on all the bustle and glamor of reality. And if a man reads very hard, as the old anecdote reminds us, he will have little time for thought. 4 If you look back on your own education, I am sure it will not be the full, vivid, instructive hours of truancy that you regret; you would rather cancel some lacklustre periods between sleep and waking in the class. For my own part, I have attended a good many lectures in my time. I still remember that the spinning of a top is a case of Kinetic Stability. I still remember that Emphyteusis is not a disease, nor Stillicide a crime. But though I would not willingly part with such scraps of science, I do not set the same store by them as by certain other odds and ends that I came by in the open street while I was playing truant. 5 This is not the moment to dilate on that mighty place of education, which was the favorite school of Dickens and of Balzac, and turns out yearly many inglorious masters in the Science of the Aspects of Life. Suffice it to say this: if a lad does not learn in the streets, it is because he has no faculty of learning. Nor is the truant always in the streets, for if he prefers, he may go out by the gardened suburbs into the country. He may pitch on some tuft of lilacs over a burn, and smoke innumerable pipes to the tune of the water on the stones. A bird will sing in the thicket. And there he may fall into a vein of kindly thought, and see things in a new perspective. Why, if this be not education, what is? We may conceive Mr. Worldly Wiseman accosting such an one, and the conversation that should thereupon ensue:How now, young fellow, what dost thou here?Truly, sir, I take mine ease.Is not this the hour of the class? and shouldst thou not be plying thy Book with diligence, to the end thou mayest obtain knowledge?Nay, but thus also I follow after Learning, by your leave.Learning, quotha! After what fashion, I pray thee? Is it mathematics?No, to be sure.Is it metaphysics?Nor that.Is it some language?Nay, it is no language.Is it a trade?Nor a trade neither.Why, then, what ist?Indeed, sir, as a time may soon come for me to go upon Pilgrimage, I am desirous to note what is commonly done by persons in my case, and where are the ugliest Sloughs and Thickets on the Road; as also, what manner of Staff is of the best service. Moreover, I lie here, by this water, to learn by root-of-heart a lesson which my master teaches me to call Peace, or Contentment. 6 Hereupon Mr. Worldly Wiseman was much commoved with passion, and shaking his cane with a very threatful countenance, broke forth upon this wise: Learning, quotha! said he; I would have all such rogues scourged by the Hangman! 7 And so he would go his way, ruffling out his cravat with a crackle of starch, like a turkey when it spread its feathers. 8 Now this, of Mr. Wisemans, is the common opinion. A fact is not called a fact, but a piece of gossip, if it does not fall into one of your scholastic categories. An inquiry must be in some acknowledged direction, with a name to go by; or else you are not inquiring at all, only lounging; and the work-house is too good for you. It is supposed that all knowledge is at the bottom of a well, or the far end of a telescope. Sainte-Beuve, as he grew older, came to regard all experience as a single great book, in which to study for a few years ere we go hence; and it seemed all one to him whether you should read in Chapter xx., which is the differential calculus, or in Chapter xxxix., which is hearing the band play in the gardens. As a matter of fact, an intelligent person, looking out of his eyes and hearkening in his ears, with a smile on his face all the time, will get more true education than many another in a life of heroic vigils. There is certainly some chill and arid knowledge to be found upon the summits of formal and laborious science; but it is all round about you, and for the trouble of looking, that you will acquire the warm and palpitating facts of life. While others are filling their memory with a lumber of words, one-half of which they will forget before the week be out, your truant may learn some really useful art: to play the fiddle, to know a good cigar, or to speak with ease and opportunity to all varieties of men. Many who have plied their book diligently, and know all about some one branch or another of accepted lore, come out of the study with an ancient and owl-like demeanour, and prove dry, stockish, and dyspeptic in all the better and brighter parts of life. Many make a large fortune, who remain underbred and pathetically stupid to the last. And meantime there goes the idler, who began life along with them--by your leave, a different picture. He has had time to take care of his health and his spirits; he has been a great deal in the open air, which is the most salutary of all things for both body and mind; and if he has never read the great Book in very recondite places, he has dipped into it and skimmed it over to excellent purpose. Might not the student afford some Hebrew roots, and the business man some of his half-crowns, for a share of the idlers knowledge of life at large, and Art of Living? Nay, and the idler has another and more important quality than these. I mean his wisdom. He who has much looked on at the childish satisfaction of other people in their hobbies, will regard his own with only a very ironical indulgence. He will not be heard among the dogmatists. He will have a great and cool allowance for all sorts of people and opinions. If he finds no out-of-the-way truths, he will identify himself with no very burning falsehood. His way takes him along a by-road, not much frequented, but very even and pleasant, which is called Commonplace Lane, and leads to the Belvedere of Common-sense. Thence he shall comm and an agreeable, if not very noble prospect; and while others behold the East and West, the Devil and the Sunrise, he will be contentedly aware of a sort of morning hour upon all sublunary things, with an army of shadows running speedily and in many different directions into the great daylight of Eternity. The shadows and the generations, the shrill doctors and the plangent wars, go by into ultimate silence and emptiness; but underneath all this, a man may see, out of the Belvedere windows, much green and peaceful landscape; many firelit parlours; good people laughing, drinking, and making love as they did before the Flood or the French Revolution; and the old shepherd telling his tale under the hawthorn. 9 Extreme  busyness, whether at school or college, kirk or market, is a symptom of deficient vitality; and a faculty for idleness implies a catholic appetite and a strong sense of personal identity. There is a sort of dead-alive, hackneyed people about, who are scarcely conscious of living except in the exercise of some conventional occupation. Bring these fellows into the country, or set them aboard ship, and you will see how they pine for their desk or their study. They have no curiosity; they cannot give themselves over to random provocations; they do not take pleasure in the exercise of their faculties for its own sake; and unless Necessity lays about them with a stick, they will even stand still. It is no good speaking to such folk: they  cannot  be idle, their nature is not generous enough; and they pass those hours in a sort of coma, which are not dedicated to furious moiling in the gold-mill. When they do not require to go to the office, when they are not hungry and hav e no mind to drink, the whole breathing world is a blank to them. If they have to wait an hour or so for a train, they fall into a stupid trance with their eyes open. To see them, you would suppose there was nothing to look at and no one to speak with; you would imagine they were paralysed or alienated: and yet very possibly they are hard workers in their own way, and have good eyesight for a flaw in a deed or a turn of the market. They have been to school and college, but all the time they had their eye on the medal; they have gone about in the world and mixed with clever people, but all the time they were thinking of their own affairs. As if a mans soul were not too small to begin with, they have dwarfed and narrowed theirs by a life of all work and no play; until here they are at forty, with a listless attention, a mind vacant of all material of amusement, and not one thought to rub against another, while they wait for the train. Before he was breeched, he might have clambered on the boxes; when he was twenty, he would have stared at the girls; but now the pipe is smoked out, the snuff-box empty, and my gentleman sits bolt upright upon a bench, with lamentable eyes. This does not appeal to me as being Success in Life. 10 But it is not only the person himself who suffers from his busy habits, but his wife and children, his friends and relations, and down to the very people he sits with in a railway carriage or an omnibus. Perpetual devotion to what a man calls his business, is only to be sustained by perpetual neglect of many other things. And it is not by any means certain that a mans business is the most important thing he has to do. To an impartial estimate it will seem clear that many of the wisest, most virtuous, and most beneficent parts that are to be played upon the Theatre of Life are filled by gratuitous performers, and pass, among the world at large, as phases of idleness. For in that Theatre, not only the walking gentlemen, singing chambermaids, and diligent fiddlers in the orchestra, but those who look on and clap their hands from the benches, do really play a part and fulfill important offices towards the general result. 11 You are no doubt very dependent on the care of your lawyer and stockbroker, of the guards and signalmen who convey you rapidly from place to place, and the policemen who walk the streets for your protection; but is there not a thought of gratitude in your heart for certain other benefactors who set you smiling when they fall in your way, or season your dinner with good company? Colonel Newcome helped to lose his friends money; Fred Bayham had an ugly trick of borrowing shirts; and yet they were better people to fall among than Mr. Barnes. And though Falstaff was neither sober nor very honest, I think I could name one or two long-faced Barabbases whom the world could better have done without. Hazlitt mentions that he was more sensible of obligation to Northcote, who had never done him anything he could call a service, than to his whole circle of ostentatious friends; for he thought a good companion emphatically the greatest benefactor. I know there are people in the world who canno t feel grateful unless the favour has been done them at the cost of pain and difficulty. But this is a churlish disposition. A man may send you six sheets of letter-paper covered with the most entertaining gossip, or you may pass half an hour pleasantly, perhaps profitably, over an article of his; do you think the service would be greater, if he had made the manuscript in his hearts blood, like a compact with the devil? Do you really fancy you should be more beholden to your correspondent, if he had been damning you all the while for your importunity? Pleasures are more beneficial than duties because, like the quality of mercy, they are not strained, and they are twice blest. There must always be two to a kiss, and there may be a score in a jest; but wherever there is an element of sacrifice, the favour is conferred with pain, and, among generous people, received with confusion. 12 There is no duty we so much underrate as the duty of being happy. By being happy, we sow anonymous benefits upon the world, which remain unknown even to ourselves, or when they are disclosed, surprise nobody so much as the benefactor. The other day, a ragged, barefoot boy ran  down the street after a marble, with so jolly an air that he set every one he passed into a good humour; one of these persons, who had been delivered from more than usually black thoughts, stopped the little fellow and gave him some money with this remark: You see what sometimes comes of looking pleased. If he had looked pleased before, he had now to look both pleased and mystified. For my part, I justify this encouragement of smiling rather than tearful children; I do not wish to pay for tears anywhere but upon the stage; but I am prepared to deal largely in the opposite commodity. A happy man or woman is a better thing to find than a five-pound note. He or she is a radiating focus of goodwill; and their entrance into a room is as though another candle had been lighted. We need not care whether they could prove the forty-seventh proposition; they do a better thing than that, they practically demonstrate the great Theorem of the Liveableness of Life. Consequently, if a person cannot be happy without remaining idle, idle he should remain. It is a revolutionary precept; but thanks to hunger and the workhouse, one not easily to be abused; and within practical limits, it is one of the most incontestable truths in the whole Body of Morality. Look at one of your industrious fellows for a moment, I beseech you. He sows hurry and reaps indigestion; he puts a vast deal of activity out to interest, and receives a large measure of nervous derangement in return. Either he absents himself entirely from all fellowship, and lives a recluse in a garret, with carpet slippers and a leaden inkpot; or he comes among people swiftly and bitterly, in a contraction of his whole nervous system, to discharge some temper before he returns to work. I do not care how much or how well he works, this fellow is an evil feature in other peoples lives. They would be happier if he were dead. They could easier do without his services in the Circumlocution Office, than they can tolerate his fractious spirits. He poisons life at the well-head. It is better to be beggared out of hand by a scapegrace nephew, than daily hag-ridden by a peevish uncle. 13 And what, in Gods name, is all this pother about? For what cause do they embitter their own and other peoples lives? That a man should publish three or thirty articles a year, that he should finish or not finish his great allegorical picture, are questions of little interest to the world. The ranks of life are full; and although a thousand fall, there are always some to go into the breach. When they told Joan of Arc she should be at home minding womens work, she answered there were plenty to spin and wash. And so, even with your own rare gifts! When nature is so careless of the single life, why should we coddle ourselves into the fancy that our own is of exceptional importance? Suppose Shakespeare had been knocked on the head some dark night in Sir Thomas Lucys preserves, the world would have wagged on better or worse, the pitcher gone to the well, the scythe to the corn, and the student to his book; and no one been any the wiser of the loss. There are not many works extant, if yo u look the alternative all over, which are worth the price of a pound of tobacco to a man of limited means. This is a sobering reflection for the proudest of our earthly vanities. Even a tobacconist may, upon consideration, find no great cause for personal vainglory in the phrase; for although tobacco is an admirable sedative, the qualities necessary for retailing it are neither rare nor precious in themselves. Alas and alas! you may take it how you will, but the services of no single individual are indispensable. Atlas was just a gentleman with a protracted nightmare! And yet you see merchants who go and labour themselves into a great fortune and thence into the bankruptcy court; scribblers who keep scribbling at little articles until their temper is a cross to all who come about them, as though Pharaoh should set the Israelites to make a pin instead of a pyramid; and fine young men who work themselves into a decline, and are driven off in a hearse with white plumes upon it. Would you not suppose these persons had been whispered, by the Master of the Ceremonies, the promise of some momentous destiny? and that this lukewarm bullet on which they play their farces was the bulls eye and centre-point of all the universe? And yet it is not so. The ends for which they give away their priceless youth, for all they know, may be chimerical or hurtful; the glory and riches they expect may never come, or may find them indifferent; and they and the world they inhabit are so inconsiderable that the mind freezes at the thought. * An Apology for Idlers, by Robert Louis Stevenson, first appeared in the July 1877 issue of the  Cornhill Magazine  and was later published in Stevensons essay collection  Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers (1881).